Are Your Symptoms Affecting Your Quality Of Life?
Consult our MOH-accredited specialist for an accurate diagnosis & personalised treatment plan today.
Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Dr. Sulaiman Bin Yusof
MbChB (Sheffield)
M.Med (Surg)
FRCSEd (Gen Surg)
蘇萊曼·尤索夫博士
Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding refers to blood loss within the digestive tract, affecting any area from the oesophagus to the rectum. The severity of GI bleeding can range from mild spotting to serious cases, depending on the location and cause.
GI bleeding is typically a symptom of an underlying condition, such as ulcers, inflammation, or polyps, which can interfere with digestion and damage blood vessels. Early evaluation is necessary to identify the cause, address symptoms, and reduce the risk of complications.
Symptoms of Gastrointestinal Bleeding
The symptoms of GI bleeding vary depending on the location and severity. Common symptoms include:
Blood in Stool or Vomit: Bright red or black tarry stools may suggest bleeding in the lower GI tract, while vomit containing blood often indicates bleeding in the upper GI tract.
Abdominal Pain or Discomfort: Persistent or severe abdominal pain can accompany GI bleeding, especially when related to ulcers or inflammation.
Dizziness or Fatigue: Ongoing blood loss may lead to anaemia, with symptoms such as light-headedness, fatigue, or shortness of breath.
Unexplained Weight Loss: Significant weight loss, especially when paired with other GI symptoms, may point to a more serious underlying condition, such as a tumour in the digestive tract
Causes and Risk Factors of GI Bleeding
Various conditions and factors can cause gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, each affecting a different part of the digestive tract. These include:
Peptic Ulcers
Ulcers in the stomach lining or upper small intestine are a common cause of upper GI bleeding. They can be caused by infections like H. pylori or long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which can irritate the stomach lining.
Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis
Diverticulosis occurs when small pouches (diverticula) form in the colon wall, common in older adults. If these pouches become inflamed or infected (diverticulitis), they can cause lower GI bleeding, sometimes leading to significant blood loss.
Colorectal Polyps
Non-cancerous growths in the colon or rectum may bleed, especially if they grow large or become irritated. Polyps may increase the risk of colorectal cancer, making removal necessary to prevent further bleeding and complications.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Conditions such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis cause chronic inflammation in the digestive tract, which can damage blood vessels and result in intermittent bleeding.
GI Tumours
Benign or malignant tumours may cause bleeding anywhere in the GI tract. Early detection is necessary, as bleeding can sometimes be an early sign of colorectal or gastric cancer.
Diagnosing GI Bleeding
A variety of diagnostic tools can help locate and determine the cause of GI bleeding. Common methods include:
Endoscopy
An upper endoscopy involves using a thin, flexible tube with a camera to examine the oesophagus, stomach, and upper small intestine. This procedure allows direct visualisation of the lining, helping to locate areas of bleeding or lesions and, in some cases, immediate treatment if needed.
Colonoscopy
A colonoscopy provides a detailed view of the entire colon and rectum, helping identify potential sources of bleeding, such as polyps, diverticula, or inflammation. During the procedure, small tissue samples (biopsies) may be taken for further analysis. Colonoscopy can also enable the removal of small polyps that may be contributing to bleeding.
Capsule Endoscopy
Capsule endoscopy involves swallowing a pill-sized camera that captures images as it travels through the GI tract. This technique is especially useful for detecting bleeding in areas beyond the reach of traditional endoscopy, such as the small intestine. The images are recorded and later analysed to identify sources of bleeding or other abnormalities.
Imaging Studies (CT Scan, Angiography)
CT scans and angiography help to visualise the digestive tract and pinpoint bleeding sites. These methods are particularly useful for identifying active or severe bleeding, especially when endoscopy is not feasible. Angiography may also allow targeted treatment by delivering medication directly to the bleeding vessel.
Laboratory Tests
Blood tests, including a complete blood count, and stool tests provide information on the extent of blood loss and may reveal signs of anaemia or infection. A low haemoglobin level, for instance, can indicate chronic blood loss related to GI bleeding. Stool tests can detect hidden blood or signs of infection that may contribute to symptoms.
Treatment Options for GI Bleeding
The treatment for gastrointestinal bleeding is determined by the underlying cause, severity, and location. Treatment options include:
Non-Surgical Treatment
Medication
Medications can be used to address the underlying cause of GI bleeding. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or other acid-reducing medications are used to lower stomach acid levels, helping protect the stomach lining from further irritation. Antibiotics may be prescribed to treat infections like H. pylori, while anti-inflammatory medications can reduce digestive tract inflammation in conditions like IBD.
Endoscopic Treatment Techniques
During an endoscopy, techniques like cauterisation, banding, or clipping may be used to control bleeding at its source. Polypectomy, the removal of bleeding polyps, is often performed as an interventional procedure during a colonoscopy to prevent future bleeding and reduce the risks of complications. These methods allow for targeted treatment, often avoiding the need for more invasive procedures.
Replenishing Iron and Blood Levels
For patients who have developed anaemia due to chronic GI bleeding, iron supplements can aid in restoring haemoglobin levels, necessary for oxygen transport. In cases of severe blood loss, blood transfusions may be required to rapidly increase blood volume and improve oxygen delivery to tissues.
Surgical Treatment
Laparoscopic or Robotic-Assisted Surgery
Minimally invasive techniques, such as laparoscopic or robotic-assisted surgery, may be used to remove tissues causing recurrent bleeding, such as polyps or tumours when endoscopic treatments are ineffective. These methods involve small incisions, which generally lead to faster recovery and reduced post-operative discomfort. Robotic assistance can further enhance precision, making it a suitable option for complex cases.
Resection of Damaged Areas
For sections of the GI tract that are severely damaged or contain tumours, resection may be necessary to remove the affected portion and prevent recurrent bleeding. This procedure is typically reserved for cases where other treatments are insufficient. Minimally invasive techniques are often used for resections to promote a faster and more comfortable recovery.
Prevention of GI Bleeding
To prevent GI bleeding, managing risk factors and making lifestyle adjustments are necessary. Avoiding irritants like NSAIDs, alcohol, and smoking can protect the digestive tract lining, while a fibre-rich diet supports gut health. Regular monitoring of conditions such as ulcers, diverticulosis, and inflammatory bowel disease, along with prescribed medications, may reduce the risk of bleeding. Periodic check-ups may be recommended to catch early signs of recurrence, especially for those with a history of GI bleeding.
billing & insurance
Partnered Programs & Insurance Plans
For Singaporeans, Singapore Permanent Residents and Foreigners. Please speak to our friendly clinic staff about using your insurance plans.
*Extended Panel
Dr. Sulaiman Bin Yusof
MbChB (Sheffield)
M.Med (Surgery)
FRCSEd (General Surgery)
蘇萊曼·尤索夫博士
Dr. Sulaiman Yusof is a distinguished Senior Consultant in colorectal and general surgery, boasting over 15 years of expertise. His passion lies in minimally invasive techniques, particularly robotic surgery, where he has achieved remarkable success using the Da Vinci Xi system. Dr. Sulaiman is dedicated to delivering high-quality, personalized, and empathetic care, always striving for the best outcomes for his patients.
Education & Specialist Training
- MbChB(Sheffield)
- M.Med(Surgery)
- FRCSEd(General Surgery)
Dr. Sulaiman’s journey began at the University of Sheffield, where he graduated in 2002. He honed his skills during his house officer and basic surgical training in the UK before returning to Singapore. There, he completed his Advanced Surgical Training at Changi General Hospital and earned the Joint Speciality Fellowship in General Surgery in 2013.
Contact Us
Please leave us a message and our friendly clinic staff will be in touch with you shortly.
our locations
Gleneagles Medical Centre
6 Napier Road #06-16
Singapore 258499
Mount Elizabeth Novena Hospital
38 Irrawaddy Road, #10-48/49
Singapore 329563
Parkway East Hospital
#05-08, 319 Joo Chiat Place
Singapore 427989
Mount Alvernia Hospital
#08-62, Medical Centre D
820 Thomson Road
Singapore 574623
Connexion
Farrer Park Medical Centre #14-12
1 Farrer Park Station Road
Singapore 217562
Frequently Asked Questions
How long does it take to recover after an endoscopic procedure for GI bleeding?
Most patients recover within a day or two, with only mild discomfort like bloating or a sore throat, which usually subsides quickly. Aftercare instructions, including any dietary or activity restrictions, help ensure a smooth recovery. Patients are generally advised to rest for the remainder of the day after the procedure.
Does treating GI bleeding prevent it from recurring?
Treating GI bleeding stops the immediate issue but does not always prevent future episodes. Depending on the cause, managing underlying conditions such as ulcers or diverticulosis may be necessary to reduce recurrence.
What are the risks of untreated GI bleeding?
Untreated GI bleeding, especially when chronic, can lead to severe anaemia, organ strain, and in extreme cases, shock due to blood loss. Chronic bleeding can also indicate an underlying serious condition, like cancer, which may progress without appropriate treatment.