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Colon Polyps
Dr. Sulaiman Bin Yusof
MbChB (Sheffield)
M.Med (Surg)
FRCSEd (Gen Surg)
蘇萊曼·尤索夫博士
What Are Colon Polyps?
Colon polyps are growths that develop on the inner lining of the colon (large intestine) or rectum.
They are usually small, typically under 1 centimetre in diameter, but vary in size and number. Most colon polyps are benign (non-cancerous), but some can develop into colorectal cancer over time, making early detection and removal necessary.
Types of Colon Polyps
There are several types of colon polyps, each with different characteristics and risks:
Adenomatous Polyps (Adenomas)
The most common type and are precancerous. Not all adenomas become cancerous, but they have the potential to do so if untreated.
Hyperplastic Polyps
Usually small and found in the lower part of the colon and rectum. They are typically benign with a low risk of becoming cancerous.
Sessile Serrated Polyps and Traditional Serrated Adenomas
Less common and also precancerous. Their flat shape makes them harder to detect during a colonoscopy, and they have a higher risk of developing into cancer.
Inflammatory Polyps
Seen in people with inflammatory bowel disease such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease. Usually not precancerous but may indicate an increased risk of colorectal cancer due to the underlying condition.
Symptoms of Colon Polyps
Colon polyps are often asymptomatic, especially when they are small. However, when symptoms do occur, they may include:
Rectal Bleeding: Polyps can irritate or damage the delicate lining of the colon or rectum when stool passes through, causing bleeding.
Changes in Bowel Habits: Larger polyps can obstruct the stool passage, leading to diarrhoea or constipation, and can also change the consistency of the stool.
Abdominal Pain: Large polyps can cause cramping or discomfort due to bowel obstruction, making it difficult for food and waste to pass through. The colon may need to work harder to push stool around the polyp, resulting in cramps.
Tiredness and Weakness (from Low Iron): Ongoing bleeding from a polyp can lead to low iron levels, which means your body doesn’t have enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen. This can make you feel very tired, weak, or short of breath.
Causes and Risk Factors
Colon polyps develop due to disruptions in the normal functioning of colon or rectal cells. Key risk factors include:
Age
As we age, repeated cell divisions and exposure to environmental factors increase the likelihood of mutations, which can lead to polyp formation. The risk of developing colon polyps rises significantly after age 45 due to the accumulation of these mutations over time.
Family History
A family history of polyps or colorectal cancer can increase risk due to inherited genetic mutations. These genetic conditions can lead to early and numerous polyp formations.
Genetic Mutations
Conditions such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and Lynch syndrome involve mutations in genes responsible for regulating cell growth and DNA repair.
Diet
This contributes to the formation of polyp, diet that is high in processed/red meat, refined sugars and low fibre will increase the risk of development of polyp.
Diagnosing Colon Polyps
Colon polyps often cause no symptoms, making regular screening necessary for early detection. Diagnostic methods include:
Colonoscopy
The most effective method for inspecting the entire colon. A colonoscope, a long, flexible tube with a camera, allows the doctor to examine the colon lining for abnormalities. If polyps are found, they can be removed during the same procedure and analysed to determine if they are benign, precancerous, or cancerous.
Stool Tests
Non-invasive tests, such as the faecal occult blood test or faecal immunochemical test, detect hidden blood in the stool, which may indicate polyps or colorectal cancer. If blood is detected, further testing, such as a colonoscopy, is usually recommended.
CT Colonography (Virtual Colonoscopy)
This imaging test uses a CT scanner to take detailed, three-dimensional pictures of the colon and rectum. While it helps detect polyps, it does not allow for their removal. A follow-up colonoscopy is typically required if polyps are found.
Surgical Treatment
Polypectomy
This method removes polyps during a colonoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy using a wire loop or special tools to cut off the polyp from the colon lining. It is minimally invasive, typically painless, and allows for quick recovery.
Endoscopic Mucosal Resection
Used to remove larger or more complex polyps, it involves injecting a liquid to lift the polyp off the colon wall for easier removal during a colonoscopy. This procedure carries a slight risk of bleeding or perforation.
Surgical Resection
This procedure removes the affected part of the colon if polyps are large or numerous or have a high cancer risk. It can be performed laparoscopically or through open surgery and requires a longer recovery period.
Colectomy
Involves the removal of all or part of the colon and requires a significant recovery period. It is recommended for those who have a genetic predisposition to multiple or recurrent polyps, such as those with familial adenomatous polyposis.
Laparoscopic Anterior Resection
A minimally invasive procedure to remove polyps in the lower colon or rectum. It involves making small incisions and using a camera to guide the removal of the affected section of the colon. It typically has a shorter recovery time and less postoperative pain than open surgery and can help maintain normal bowel function.
Prevention of Colon Polyps
Preventing colon polyps involves adopting healthy lifestyle choices and regular screening. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains and low in red and processed meats can reduce the risk of polyp formation. Regular physical activity and maintaining a healthy weight support digestive health and help reduce inflammation. Avoiding smoking and limiting alcohol consumption helps protect the colon lining from damage that could lead to polyps.
Regular screening is advised, especially for individuals over 50 or those with a family history of colon polyps or colorectal cancer. Colonoscopies are effective for detecting and removing polyps before they develop into cancer. Those with a genetic predisposition may need more frequent screenings and possibly preventive medications. Maintaining healthy habits alongside regular medical care can significantly lower the risk of developing colon polyps and associated complications.
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Dr. Sulaiman Bin Yusof
MbChB (Sheffield)
M.Med (Surgery)
FRCSEd (General Surgery)
蘇萊曼·尤索夫博士
Dr. Sulaiman Yusof is a distinguished Senior Consultant in colorectal and general surgery, boasting over 15 years of expertise. His passion lies in minimally invasive techniques, particularly robotic surgery, where he has achieved remarkable success using the Da Vinci Xi system. Dr. Sulaiman is dedicated to delivering high-quality, personalized, and empathetic care, always striving for the best outcomes for his patients.
Education & Specialist Training
- MbChB(Sheffield)
- M.Med(Surgery)
- FRCSEd(General Surgery)
Dr. Sulaiman’s journey began at the University of Sheffield, where he graduated in 2002. He honed his skills during his house officer and basic surgical training in the UK before returning to Singapore. There, he completed his Advanced Surgical Training at Changi General Hospital and earned the Joint Speciality Fellowship in General Surgery in 2013.
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our locations
Gleneagles Medical Centre
6 Napier Road #06-16
Singapore 258499
Mount Elizabeth Novena Hospital
38 Irrawaddy Road, #10-48/49
Singapore 329563
Parkway East Hospital
#05-08, 319 Joo Chiat Place
Singapore 427989
Mount Alvernia Hospital
#08-62, Medical Centre D
820 Thomson Road
Singapore 574623
Connexion
Farrer Park Medical Centre #14-12
1 Farrer Park Station Road
Singapore 217562
Frequently Asked Questions
How often should I be screened for colon polyps?
Screening frequency depends on your age, family history, and personal risk factors. In general, those over 45 should have a colonoscopy every 5-10 years, but those with higher risk factors may need more frequent screenings.
Can colon polyps recur after being removed?
Yes, new polyps can develop even after removal. Regular follow-up screenings are necessary to monitor for new polyps, especially if you have had them previously.
What should I do if I have a family history of colon polyps or colorectal cancer?
Discuss your family history with your doctor, who may recommend earlier and more frequent screenings and consider genetic counselling if appropriate.